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hi welcome to Mission Control Center

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here in Houston where we have a Mario

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runco with us one of our astronauts who

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also works with a bunch of different

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projects here on the ground as well

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including he's been really involved

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lately with the transit of Venus

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experience that just took place earlier

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this week and I think y'all learned a

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little bit about it before we get

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started with your questions and we're

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here in the Mission Control Center this

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is the International Space Station

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flight control room and this is where

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all the people who control the space

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station from the ground sit and work you

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can probably see in the background the

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map that tracks International Space

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Station and around the room we've got

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all the different positions that

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actually control the systems on board so

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we look forward to hearing your

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questions I'm Marvin uh I was wondering

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could you would it be possible to send

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her over to fix one of the rover's they

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got crashed on I presume Marvin you mean

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on Mars and at current time present

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technology would probably not permit

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that in terms of being able to to to do

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that sort of repair it might not be

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cost-effective to do so whereas sending

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another Rover to replace it would might

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be a better option than to repair one

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that is there having said that if the

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repair is simple enough and we did send

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another Rover for more experimentation

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and more exploration it probably would

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be in a different area but if it were in

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the same area and the stand the repair

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were simple enough something like

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pulling out a part and replacing it that

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might be plug-in then it then it I would

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say it would might be possible maybe

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y'all heard about the Curiosity rover

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that's going to be landing on Mars in

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August and won't be going to get that

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are over but hopefully we'll find out

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some cool new stuff from it do you want

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us to ask questions now or do you want

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to speak for a little bit and then have

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us ask questions please go ahead ask

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your question yeah let's give the

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hi this is Garrett I was wondering if

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like if you have plants up there and

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like if you can like make them grow

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really big well Garrett you have asked a

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question that is very basic to science

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that is a super question as a matter of

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fact we have been experimenting with

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plants in space for quite some time we

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used to do on the Space Shuttle plant

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experiments but the the drawback to

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doing them on the Space Shuttle was the

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spatial only state in space for about 14

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days and as you probably know 14 days is

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not a long time to grow a plant however

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on the International Space Station we do

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have additional experiments with plant

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growth and a lot of the curiosity as to

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with the plants and how they behave in

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microgravity are related to is since

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there's no up or down which way will

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they grow how do they respond to light

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do they respond to the light differently

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than on the ground is there a change in

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in the plant itself when it is growing

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so and I would guess even though we

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haven't grown a plant very large because

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we have to stay inside so essentially

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any plants we do grow our house plans

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and and the house is only so much size

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is if I would think because of the lack

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of gravity the plants potentially could

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grow very large maybe y'all have heard

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about the blog that one of the

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astronauts on the space station is

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riding right now Don Pettit it's a he's

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written one called the diary of a

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zucchini and you can find that online at

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blog our blogs nasa gov so you might

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check into that and see what he has to

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say about the plants he's been growing

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in space my name is Ren my name is Ren

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and um home how big are those solar

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panels that's a good question i don't

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know exact dimensions on the solar

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panels but i would say that the length

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of them are probably about half a

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football field long and they are

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probably i would

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us each in with about 20-30 feet sounds

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about right mm this is taye in and has

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has opportunity picked up a new

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information actually opportunity is

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let's see now help me out here because

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we've got opportunity and spirit and one

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of those is not functional at this point

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in time I believe its spirit I think

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you're right not operational so the twin

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Rovers on Mars have been there for many

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many years now and they have performed

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better than we have expected because i

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think the original mission was only like

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45 50 days they have picked up new

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information both Rovers have opportunity

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particularly because it's still

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operational and that is why we have the

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Mars Science Laboratory the Curiosity

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rover on its way to Mars now in August

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because of the discoveries that made us

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even more curious about some of the

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things we were observing with

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opportunity on Mars and we're going

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trying to go and discover those we found

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water we found minerals that are

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somewhat related to biologics and so

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that that is a tantalizing elevation of

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the information that makes us believe

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that there might have been life on Mars

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at one point in its history so to be

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able to go there and actually discover

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my name is Trey and what do they make a

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space shoots at space suits out of you

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mean the space suits or the space shoots

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as in parachute I didn't quite

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understand your question suits suits

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okay the space suits are made of several

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layers okay the outer layer is basically

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a plastic shell on the upper torso and

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around the the waist and there is their

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metal parts to it as well and that helps

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contain the pressure net outside of that

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there's a rubber bladder that contains

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the air or excuse me inside of that

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there's a rubber bladder that contains

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the air and outside of that there's a

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nomex material that acts as a

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micrometeoroid or essentially protection

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against the small particles in space so

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that doesn't puncture the suit and then

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it also has thermal protection on the

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outside in that same material there's a

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blanket uh like a Lumina meeeeee colored

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kind of blanket underneath the the Nomex

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that that is a sort of like a radiative

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barrier that know what you might put in

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your attic Maria what do you need the

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thermal protection one is my suit a good

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question the thermal protection is such

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that when you're in orbit around the

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earth most of the time you go behind the

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earth away from the Sun in the shadow of

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the earth so that would be an eclipse to

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the person who's doing the spacewalk

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because this the earth blocks the Sun

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and when you're on the backside of the

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earth you don't have any of the sunlight

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and it gets very very cold down to minus

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250 degrees Fahrenheit or thereabouts--

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and then when you're in the Sun the

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temperature rises to about that much to

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plus 250 so you got a four to five

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hundred degree temperature range with

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which you're dealing and the human

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beings and creatures on earth like to

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stay around 70 degrees Fahrenheit so to

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keep us comfortable and alive you need

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okay my name is Courtney and what kind

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of food do you guys eat on the space

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station and how do you eat it okay what

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kind of food there's a variety of

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different kinds of foods there's there's

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a limited variety of fresh foods when a

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spacecraft first gets up and docks with

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the space station there's there's treats

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on board if you will there might be some

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fresh fruit some some fresh cookies

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things like that so that you're familiar

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with the the other food as it comes in a

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kind of varieties there's rehydrate able

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foods you might know them as free stride

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they're not exactly freeze-dried but the

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water is removed from them and then we

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have to add the water back in heat them

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up and and they come in lots of

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varieties turkey Tetrazzini there's

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chicken soups there's burgers and stuff

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like that so and then there's another

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variety that comes from the military if

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you will there the meals ready to eat

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the same food that the the troops and

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would use in the field when they are on

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bivouac if you will and those foods are

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thermal stabilizers they're put in

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pouches and they come in a variety of

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different flavors now the thing about

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the foods is each astronaut generally

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samples the menu they pick what they

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like and of course you're not gonna eat

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things you don't like except there's a

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little part of the story here and you

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know you prepare your menus and you plan

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your menus ahead for the time you're

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going to be on board so generally the

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food is are things that you generally

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like however because of nutritional

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factors they'll look at your menu and

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what you've picked and if you're

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deficient in something over the long

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term potassium or vitamin E or whatever

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it might be they will recommend and add

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to your diet things that will contain

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those those nutrients for you and of

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course you'll pick the ones that you

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prefer the most for that contain those

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those nutrients I heard that you can't

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or you don't get to eat a whole of bread

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on in space is that right well bred and

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space is problematic first of all who

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bread has a short

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shelf life and it gets very dry for some

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reason or other it doesn't last even as

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long as it does down here if you just

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left it on the counter or in the

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breadbox what we prefer in space is the

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alternative to bread or tortillas

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because two reasons one is they seem to

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keep longer and they're not as flaky

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when you have bread it tends to crumble

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and it flies all over the place and it

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gets pretty messy or as for example if I

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wanted to make a peanut butter and jelly

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sandwich I could spread the peanut

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butter on a tortilla and the tortillas

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much tougher it holds together better

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and will contain and hold the jelly and

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the peanut butter so we know I'm

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floating around in space on right and

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then we have to be like fish and start

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eating the crumbs like a fish in a tank

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I'm Marvin and watch a short video and

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it showed it didn't show where they

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slept do they I sleep in beds are just

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like strapped down in flow haha good

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question actually on the I'll talk about

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how they sleep on the ISS and then you

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could extrapolate to other vehicles like

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the space shuttle or smaller vehicles

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like the Soyuz or even some of the

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future vehicles like a riot each crew

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member has a sleep station think of the

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sleep station as a phone booth a large

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phone booth a little bit shorter than a

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phone booth because we're not as tall as

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the phone booth and a little bit wider

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to give more room to turn around in and

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each crew member has his personal items

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in their pictures of his family the

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books he might want to read his laptop

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the videos he might want to launch an

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asst laptop and things like that and

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inside that compartment they usually

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00:12:13,250 --> 00:12:11,100
have for lack of a better term it's it's

274
00:12:15,290 --> 00:12:13,260
a sleep restraint or a sleeping bag and

275
00:12:17,660 --> 00:12:15,300
the purpose of the sleeping bag so that

276
00:12:19,760 --> 00:12:17,670
you're not you you restrain someone and

277
00:12:21,440 --> 00:12:19,770
you're not floating around in this case

278
00:12:23,570 --> 00:12:21,450
within the compartment within the phone

279
00:12:24,890 --> 00:12:23,580
booth and if you're sleeping and you're

280
00:12:26,270 --> 00:12:24,900
floating and you actually floating

281
00:12:27,560 --> 00:12:26,280
around and you bump into something that

282
00:12:30,020 --> 00:12:27,570
will wake you up and you don't want that

283
00:12:32,090 --> 00:12:30,030
to happen so generally speaking most

284
00:12:34,480 --> 00:12:32,100
crewmembers crawl inside the sleep

285
00:12:36,190 --> 00:12:34,490
restraint zip it up

286
00:12:39,460 --> 00:12:36,200
like I said it's not unlike a sleeping

287
00:12:42,460 --> 00:12:39,470
bag and that sleeping bag is attached to

288
00:12:44,139 --> 00:12:42,470
one wall or the other of the of the

289
00:12:50,530 --> 00:12:44,149
sleeping compartment of the phone booth

290
00:12:54,519 --> 00:12:50,540
and that's how they sleep I this is

291
00:12:56,949 --> 00:12:54,529
griffin uh what happens if some goes

292
00:13:00,579 --> 00:12:56,959
wrong while astronaut is out in space

293
00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:00,589
working on the space station okay that's

294
00:13:06,040 --> 00:13:02,510
a that's a good question and I'm gonna

295
00:13:07,600 --> 00:13:06,050
I'm gonna ask you when you say something

296
00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:07,610
goes wrong because many things can go

297
00:13:12,220 --> 00:13:10,730
wrong so what it what are you thinking

298
00:13:14,290 --> 00:13:12,230
right now in terms of something going

299
00:13:15,940 --> 00:13:14,300
wrong a problem with the suit a problem

300
00:13:17,860 --> 00:13:15,950
with the space station a problem with

301
00:13:19,780 --> 00:13:17,870
communications I mean there's a lot of

302
00:13:21,750 --> 00:13:19,790
things I can answer but I want to tailor

303
00:13:25,630 --> 00:13:21,760
the question to what you're thinking

304
00:13:27,280 --> 00:13:25,640
well like like something goes wrong with

305
00:13:31,150 --> 00:13:27,290
the Sioux like they can't breathe or

306
00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:31,160
some more they are they drift too far

307
00:13:38,350 --> 00:13:34,370
away from the space station okay fair

308
00:13:42,340 --> 00:13:38,360
enough the suit is designed at least the

309
00:13:45,069 --> 00:13:42,350
u.s. made extra vehicular mobility units

310
00:13:48,370 --> 00:13:45,079
that we call them am use to go EV a

311
00:13:51,250 --> 00:13:48,380
that's a mouthful of letters but the

312
00:13:54,880 --> 00:13:51,260
suit is designed it has about eight

313
00:13:56,380 --> 00:13:54,890
hours more or less depending upon how to

314
00:14:00,040 --> 00:13:56,390
heavily breathe and how much work

315
00:14:01,870 --> 00:14:00,050
activity you're doing of oxygen and

316
00:14:03,670 --> 00:14:01,880
water and remember we talked about the

317
00:14:05,949 --> 00:14:03,680
cooling so the water is there to cool

318
00:14:07,930 --> 00:14:05,959
you and the suit and how that's done let

319
00:14:10,150 --> 00:14:07,940
me get to that for a minute we wear a

320
00:14:12,940 --> 00:14:10,160
set of long full-length long johns if

321
00:14:14,380 --> 00:14:12,950
you will that cover the entire play with

322
00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:14,390
the skin and you might have seen this in

323
00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:16,610
the race car industry where this this

324
00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:19,910
garment is has tubes running through it

325
00:14:23,650 --> 00:14:21,410
all over the body and through those

326
00:14:26,019 --> 00:14:23,660
tubes the water is circulated and so

327
00:14:28,720 --> 00:14:26,029
it's actually cooler water to help

328
00:14:31,210 --> 00:14:28,730
remove the heat from the body okay so

329
00:14:33,880 --> 00:14:31,220
that's how we stay cool and and the

330
00:14:36,699 --> 00:14:33,890
oxygen and then and we use pure oxygen

331
00:14:39,220 --> 00:14:36,709
in the suit and the oxygen is is

332
00:14:41,199 --> 00:14:39,230
designed to last eight hours now if

333
00:14:42,939 --> 00:14:41,209
there's a hole in the suit depending

334
00:14:45,370 --> 00:14:42,949
upon the size of the hole the hole gets

335
00:14:47,590 --> 00:14:45,380
too big then I would say all bets are

336
00:14:48,350 --> 00:14:47,600
off but generally speaking that's a very

337
00:14:51,560 --> 00:14:48,360
very very

338
00:14:53,180 --> 00:14:51,570
a low probability chances are you might

339
00:14:55,490 --> 00:14:53,190
get a hole in the su to slit in your

340
00:14:57,970 --> 00:14:55,500
glove a micrometeoroid puncture that

341
00:15:01,250 --> 00:14:57,980
would be like a pinhole or or even a

342
00:15:04,069 --> 00:15:01,260
pencil hole into the suit if that

343
00:15:07,190 --> 00:15:04,079
happens the the oxygen system the the

344
00:15:09,130 --> 00:15:07,200
breathing system can supply the oxygen

345
00:15:12,259 --> 00:15:09,140
to the suit to keep it pressurized

346
00:15:14,449 --> 00:15:12,269
sufficiently to keep you alive and give

347
00:15:17,329 --> 00:15:14,459
you enough time to get back inside if

348
00:15:19,040 --> 00:15:17,339
this happens at the end of the EV a

349
00:15:21,710 --> 00:15:19,050
where you're low on oxygen there's a

350
00:15:23,269 --> 00:15:21,720
secondary emergency oxygen pack that you

351
00:15:25,519 --> 00:15:23,279
can either manually or it will

352
00:15:27,380 --> 00:15:25,529
automatically kick in and give you an

353
00:15:30,500 --> 00:15:27,390
additional 30 minutes to get back inside

354
00:15:34,250 --> 00:15:30,510
with relation to the tether we are

355
00:15:36,370 --> 00:15:34,260
tethered to the space station so and

356
00:15:39,079 --> 00:15:36,380
that that tether is a very very strong

357
00:15:40,819 --> 00:15:39,089
fishing line if you will that could

358
00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:40,829
bring in quite a big fish so it will

359
00:15:46,069 --> 00:15:42,450
hold us to the station even if we tug on

360
00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:46,079
the line but if it does break we do have

361
00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:49,050
a if you will a jet pack it's called

362
00:15:55,250 --> 00:15:52,170
safer that we could fly ourselves back

363
00:15:56,930 --> 00:15:55,260
to the space station NASA likes to have

364
00:15:58,819 --> 00:15:56,940
lots of backup plans for just in case

365
00:16:00,980 --> 00:15:58,829
something goes wrong it wouldn't be fun

366
00:16:02,750 --> 00:16:00,990
to float away from the space station or

367
00:16:07,819 --> 00:16:02,760
whatever vehicle outside your you're

368
00:16:09,560 --> 00:16:07,829
outside up my this is Kirsten I was

369
00:16:11,410 --> 00:16:09,570
wondering how many hours of exercise

370
00:16:14,990 --> 00:16:11,420
today after day to keep their muscle

371
00:16:17,120 --> 00:16:15,000
muscles and stuff like that cuz well I

372
00:16:18,740 --> 00:16:17,130
think and I'm not a hundred percent sure

373
00:16:21,350 --> 00:16:18,750
because I was a Space Shuttle astronaut

374
00:16:22,790 --> 00:16:21,360
and and the requirements for exercise

375
00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:22,800
for us were a little different than the

376
00:16:27,560 --> 00:16:26,010
exercises for the space station crew

377
00:16:30,860 --> 00:16:27,570
members they are of course long term

378
00:16:34,009 --> 00:16:30,870
long-duration space flier stay fly about

379
00:16:37,759 --> 00:16:34,019
six months at a time in space as opposed

380
00:16:40,250 --> 00:16:37,769
to two weeks or so so their exercise

381
00:16:42,829 --> 00:16:40,260
protocol I I think and correct me if I'm

382
00:16:46,160 --> 00:16:42,839
wrong that they're exercising for an

383
00:16:48,769 --> 00:16:46,170
hour or two every day and it's up to the

384
00:16:50,449 --> 00:16:48,779
crew member sometimes if they're not

385
00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:50,459
feeling well they may not feel like

386
00:16:54,889 --> 00:16:52,890
exercising that day it's it's okay to

387
00:16:56,510 --> 00:16:54,899
skip a day or two now and then but you

388
00:16:59,480 --> 00:16:56,520
really want to get the exercise in

389
00:17:01,480 --> 00:16:59,490
pretty regularly and and not miss it

390
00:17:04,809 --> 00:17:01,490
because the with the lack of

391
00:17:07,299 --> 00:17:04,819
cavity up there your body isn't loaded

392
00:17:08,949 --> 00:17:07,309
and and just sitting here and you guys

393
00:17:11,740 --> 00:17:08,959
sitting in your classroom there if

394
00:17:13,990 --> 00:17:11,750
that's where you are your heart is

395
00:17:16,030 --> 00:17:14,000
working against gravity to pump blood up

396
00:17:17,410 --> 00:17:16,040
to your head and otherwise all the

397
00:17:19,270 --> 00:17:17,420
liquid in your body would go to your

398
00:17:21,189 --> 00:17:19,280
feet and that that wouldn't be a good

399
00:17:23,679 --> 00:17:21,199
thing and you pass out and all of that

400
00:17:27,220 --> 00:17:23,689
but in the long term you know your heart

401
00:17:29,860 --> 00:17:27,230
muscle gets weak because it doesn't have

402
00:17:33,310 --> 00:17:29,870
to push against that force of gravity so

403
00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:33,320
it's doing less work your your bones are

404
00:17:38,049 --> 00:17:35,450
not being loaded by the weight of your

405
00:17:40,360 --> 00:17:38,059
body and so therefore there's something

406
00:17:43,960 --> 00:17:40,370
in our bodies that tells our system that

407
00:17:48,010 --> 00:17:43,970
to hold calcium in our bones and that

408
00:17:49,570 --> 00:17:48,020
keeps them strong and and very very able

409
00:17:52,090 --> 00:17:49,580
to hold the weight of your body up

410
00:17:53,620 --> 00:17:52,100
however if that goes away the gravity

411
00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:53,630
goes away and there's no load on your

412
00:17:58,840 --> 00:17:55,610
body there's something inside us that

413
00:18:00,490 --> 00:17:58,850
says the body shed that calcium and the

414
00:18:03,580 --> 00:18:00,500
bones start to get brittle like somebody

415
00:18:05,770 --> 00:18:03,590
who's elderly and has osteoporosis so in

416
00:18:07,299 --> 00:18:05,780
order to counteract that we do the

417
00:18:09,820 --> 00:18:07,309
exercises and several different

418
00:18:12,580 --> 00:18:09,830
protocols to ensure that when we do come

419
00:18:13,990 --> 00:18:12,590
back to earth we retain our health and

420
00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:14,000
are able to function there's an initial

421
00:18:18,940 --> 00:18:16,580
period of time after we come down that

422
00:18:21,820 --> 00:18:18,950
there's an adaptive period to readjust

423
00:18:23,620 --> 00:18:21,830
to the sudden onset of gravity but that

424
00:18:25,360 --> 00:18:23,630
passes and it takes a little longer than

425
00:18:28,720 --> 00:18:25,370
to get fully adjusted to life back on

426
00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:28,730
earth but you really need to exercise to

427
00:18:31,750 --> 00:18:30,410
be able to do that we have some cool

428
00:18:33,280 --> 00:18:31,760
equipment that they can use to do the

429
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:33,290
exercising too I don't know if y'all

430
00:18:35,860 --> 00:18:34,610
thought about it but how do you like

431
00:18:37,180 --> 00:18:35,870
lift way it's like you do you're here on

432
00:18:39,669 --> 00:18:37,190
the ground when there's no weight in

433
00:18:42,010 --> 00:18:39,679
microgravity so they have some machines

434
00:18:43,740 --> 00:18:42,020
that let them lift weights and run even

435
00:18:49,180 --> 00:18:43,750
though they're really floating and

436
00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:49,190
exercise back as well my name is Jay and

437
00:18:55,240 --> 00:18:52,090
how many times have you been up in space

438
00:18:58,480 --> 00:18:55,250
that's easiest question today Thank You

439
00:19:02,410 --> 00:18:58,490
Jay I've been in space three times I

440
00:19:05,470 --> 00:19:02,420
first flew on mission sts-48 lantus

441
00:19:06,730 --> 00:19:05,480
which by the way will be now its

442
00:19:11,030 --> 00:19:06,740
permanent homes in the Kennedy Space

443
00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:11,040
Center for at the visitors center there

444
00:19:16,370 --> 00:19:14,250
that was in 1991 my second flight was on

445
00:19:19,340 --> 00:19:16,380
the space shuttle Endeavour who will

446
00:19:20,690 --> 00:19:19,350
which will be in California and it's not

447
00:19:23,090 --> 00:19:20,700
quite there yet there will be shipping

448
00:19:27,020 --> 00:19:23,100
it to California soon and that was on

449
00:19:29,510 --> 00:19:27,030
mission st s 54 in 1993 and my last

450
00:19:33,620 --> 00:19:29,520
mission was also on endeavour I was STS

451
00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:33,630
77 in 1996 so I was long ago I guess

452
00:19:42,920 --> 00:19:40,290
from your perspective um hi my name is

453
00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:42,930
John and I wanted to know how many

454
00:19:48,350 --> 00:19:46,050
robots are overs do you guys have on the

455
00:19:52,010 --> 00:19:48,360
International Space Station other than

456
00:19:55,340 --> 00:19:52,020
our two okay other than our two there's

457
00:19:58,300 --> 00:19:55,350
some robots called spheres they're not

458
00:20:01,070 --> 00:19:58,310
exactly autonomous robots but they're

459
00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:01,080
actually let me describe it this way

460
00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:04,890
you've seen Luke Skywalker in Star Wars

461
00:20:09,830 --> 00:20:07,650
when he was training to be a Jedi Knight

462
00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:09,840
with his lightsaber and there was the

463
00:20:14,750 --> 00:20:12,210
little ball floating around and he was

464
00:20:16,550 --> 00:20:14,760
trying to hit the ball and was not

465
00:20:18,380 --> 00:20:16,560
successful initially until lead up the

466
00:20:20,660 --> 00:20:18,390
training from Yoda having said that

467
00:20:26,270 --> 00:20:20,670
there are spheres like that on board

468
00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:26,280
that are used to for robotic purposes to

469
00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:28,490
hold positions to carry things around

470
00:20:32,150 --> 00:20:30,690
they are experimental and they're

471
00:20:34,040 --> 00:20:32,160
they're really not used for anything

472
00:20:35,570 --> 00:20:34,050
practical right now but the hope is that

473
00:20:37,310 --> 00:20:35,580
we will be able to do so in the future

474
00:20:39,320 --> 00:20:37,320
now if there's other robots besides

475
00:20:40,430 --> 00:20:39,330
Robonaut I'm not exactly sure there

476
00:20:42,170 --> 00:20:40,440
might be probably not what you're

477
00:20:44,390 --> 00:20:42,180
thinking of as robots but we have the

478
00:20:46,280 --> 00:20:44,400
robotic arms on the outside of the space

479
00:20:47,900 --> 00:20:46,290
station that we used to carry big pieces

480
00:20:49,670 --> 00:20:47,910
of equipment from one place to another

481
00:20:52,730 --> 00:20:49,680
as we're installing things on the space

482
00:20:55,370 --> 00:20:52,740
station and there's actually three of

483
00:20:57,890 --> 00:20:55,380
those there's our big one that we call

484
00:21:02,200 --> 00:20:57,900
Canada arm to is the main one and then

485
00:21:06,620 --> 00:21:02,210
there's a robotic arm for the Japanese

486
00:21:09,170 --> 00:21:06,630
laboratory kibo and there's also an

487
00:21:12,440 --> 00:21:09,180
attachment for the candidate arm too

488
00:21:15,770 --> 00:21:12,450
right Dexter that is used to change out

489
00:21:17,360 --> 00:21:15,780
spare parts and just to clarify those or

490
00:21:20,540 --> 00:21:17,370
robotic arms but they are controlled by

491
00:21:22,400 --> 00:21:20,550
someone inside its it would be like my

492
00:21:23,690 --> 00:21:22,410
being in this room here and I would be

493
00:21:26,480 --> 00:21:23,700
controlling

494
00:21:29,330 --> 00:21:26,490
the arm on a backhoe if you will that

495
00:21:31,190 --> 00:21:29,340
might be outside the room and so that's

496
00:21:38,389 --> 00:21:31,200
why they call it robotics because it's

497
00:21:42,350 --> 00:21:38,399
remotely controlled this is T and I was

498
00:21:46,730 --> 00:21:42,360
wondering how cold does it doesn't get

499
00:21:48,259 --> 00:21:46,740
at night in space okay how cold it gets

500
00:21:52,399 --> 00:21:48,269
at night in space let's talk about

501
00:21:54,769 --> 00:21:52,409
inside for the moment inside the the ISS

502
00:21:56,450 --> 00:21:54,779
and spacecraft in general is temperature

503
00:21:58,190 --> 00:21:56,460
controlled we have a thermostat just

504
00:21:59,750 --> 00:21:58,200
like you have in your house and you set

505
00:22:01,759 --> 00:21:59,760
the temperature and hopefully the

506
00:22:04,310 --> 00:22:01,769
systems control that now when the system

507
00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:04,320
breaks you call the repairman we have to

508
00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:05,850
repair it ourselves in order to maintain

509
00:22:11,570 --> 00:22:08,250
the temperature automatically we like to

510
00:22:12,950 --> 00:22:11,580
keep it at around 75 degrees at fifty

511
00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:12,960
percent relative humidity that's

512
00:22:18,769 --> 00:22:14,490
generally a comfortable thing might be

513
00:22:20,539 --> 00:22:18,779
like 72 degrees Fahrenheit so and we try

514
00:22:22,430 --> 00:22:20,549
to can the systems on board or designed

515
00:22:24,830 --> 00:22:22,440
to be able to do that against the

516
00:22:27,230 --> 00:22:24,840
temperature extremes outside which again

517
00:22:29,149 --> 00:22:27,240
range like on the dark side of the earth

518
00:22:31,610 --> 00:22:29,159
if you're in orbit from Earth it can get

519
00:22:34,639 --> 00:22:31,620
as low as 250 maybe even more I don't

520
00:22:36,919 --> 00:22:34,649
know the exact number minus 250 degrees

521
00:22:38,240 --> 00:22:36,929
Fahrenheit as n as high in the Sun on

522
00:22:40,610 --> 00:22:38,250
when you come around the Sun side as

523
00:22:43,759 --> 00:22:40,620
high as 250 so there's quite a wide

524
00:22:46,129 --> 00:22:43,769
temperature range now for probes that go

525
00:22:47,360 --> 00:22:46,139
out into the solar system they are in

526
00:22:50,049 --> 00:22:47,370
the Sun all the time so there's a

527
00:22:52,669 --> 00:22:50,059
problem with those at least initially

528
00:22:54,080 --> 00:22:52,679
for keeping them cool but as they get

529
00:22:56,480 --> 00:22:54,090
farther and farther away from the Sun

530
00:22:59,210 --> 00:22:56,490
the effects of the Sun are much less and

531
00:23:03,200 --> 00:22:59,220
they can get very cold you get to Mars

532
00:23:05,029 --> 00:23:03,210
Mars still is relatively a in inner area

533
00:23:07,149 --> 00:23:05,039
away from the Sun and a distance away

534
00:23:11,330 --> 00:23:07,159
from the Sun that's that's relatively

535
00:23:15,649 --> 00:23:11,340
comfortable it's cold on Mars but it can

536
00:23:17,539 --> 00:23:15,659
get up to as high as as as maybe even 15

537
00:23:21,409 --> 00:23:17,549
degrees on the surface and the summer

538
00:23:23,960 --> 00:23:21,419
and the tropics on Mars so it can get

539
00:23:26,180 --> 00:23:23,970
comfortable for you and I to be on Mars

540
00:23:29,149 --> 00:23:26,190
on the surface however you go farther

541
00:23:31,930 --> 00:23:29,159
past Mars we haven't spacecraft on its

542
00:23:33,460 --> 00:23:31,940
way to Pluto as a matter of fact

543
00:23:36,730 --> 00:23:33,470
it's called the new horizon spacecraft

544
00:23:38,980 --> 00:23:36,740
and that spacecraft is already past

545
00:23:40,930 --> 00:23:38,990
Jupiter and is on and I think it's a

546
00:23:42,369 --> 00:23:40,940
scheduled arrival at Pluto to take

547
00:23:48,129 --> 00:23:42,379
pictures of Pluto for the first time

548
00:23:50,649 --> 00:23:48,139
directly I think it's 2015 and it out

549
00:23:52,930 --> 00:23:50,659
that far it's very very cold I can't

550
00:23:55,539 --> 00:23:52,940
tell you the exact number but it's it's

551
00:23:57,009 --> 00:23:55,549
in that minus 250 or lower range than

552
00:24:00,789 --> 00:23:57,019
what I just described so keeping that

553
00:24:04,210 --> 00:24:00,799
spacecraft warm enough for it to

554
00:24:06,310 --> 00:24:04,220
function is is quite a challenge you

555
00:24:08,019 --> 00:24:06,320
guys live in South Dakota gets very cold

556
00:24:09,879 --> 00:24:08,029
there in the winter it's even a

557
00:24:11,769 --> 00:24:09,889
challenge to get your car started in the

558
00:24:13,450 --> 00:24:11,779
morning and that's just right here on

559
00:24:15,820 --> 00:24:13,460
earth so you can imagine the challenge

560
00:24:17,680 --> 00:24:15,830
for sending a spacecraft out that far in

561
00:24:23,049 --> 00:24:17,690
that extreme of the regime of

562
00:24:26,139 --> 00:24:23,059
temperature hi this is Joe Koda um what

563
00:24:28,840 --> 00:24:26,149
kind of schooling the you used to be an

564
00:24:31,779 --> 00:24:28,850
astronaut okay what kind of schooling

565
00:24:33,610 --> 00:24:31,789
okay well I started out the same way you

566
00:24:38,110 --> 00:24:33,620
guys are I was in classrooms much like

567
00:24:40,419 --> 00:24:38,120
yourself and and I was for myself I was

568
00:24:42,430 --> 00:24:40,429
always very inquest was much as I could

569
00:24:44,889 --> 00:24:42,440
about everything and you just can't do

570
00:24:48,970 --> 00:24:44,899
that so you have to focus on something

571
00:24:51,940 --> 00:24:48,980
to narrow the field a little bit so I

572
00:24:53,889 --> 00:24:51,950
decided after high school and well I

573
00:24:55,509 --> 00:24:53,899
decided before high school that I wanted

574
00:24:57,700 --> 00:24:55,519
to do something in science and

575
00:25:00,159 --> 00:24:57,710
engineering and when I got to college I

576
00:25:03,970 --> 00:25:00,169
studied in my case earth science

577
00:25:05,889 --> 00:25:03,980
physical oceanography and meteorology so

578
00:25:09,940 --> 00:25:05,899
that's my particular background but

579
00:25:12,009 --> 00:25:09,950
generically astronauts mainly have

580
00:25:14,379 --> 00:25:12,019
technical scientific engineering

581
00:25:16,690 --> 00:25:14,389
backgrounds medical backgrounds because

582
00:25:19,210 --> 00:25:16,700
of the problems with keeping people

583
00:25:20,560 --> 00:25:19,220
alive and potential medical problems if

584
00:25:23,590 --> 00:25:20,570
we go too far away from space and

585
00:25:26,169 --> 00:25:23,600
something happens medically so mostly

586
00:25:28,629 --> 00:25:26,179
backgrounds like that they prefer to

587
00:25:30,669 --> 00:25:28,639
have advanced degrees not required so

588
00:25:33,279 --> 00:25:30,679
that means you can you can become an

589
00:25:36,249 --> 00:25:33,289
astronaut with a bachelor's degree but a

590
00:25:40,389 --> 00:25:36,259
master's degree is is desired and even a

591
00:25:42,310 --> 00:25:40,399
doctorate PhD is even better of course

592
00:25:47,649 --> 00:25:42,320
all of the education

593
00:25:50,080 --> 00:25:47,659
is not the final bottom line is they

594
00:25:52,299 --> 00:25:50,090
also prefer to have people who have some

595
00:25:56,019 --> 00:25:52,309
experience of course in their fields and

596
00:25:59,499 --> 00:25:56,029
who are good or premier in the fields

597
00:26:02,590 --> 00:25:59,509
that they've chosen to be so and then

598
00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:02,600
that is that is generally speaking the

599
00:26:06,669 --> 00:26:04,610
the science engineering astronauts there

600
00:26:08,399 --> 00:26:06,679
is also the other side of the coin where

601
00:26:11,769 --> 00:26:08,409
you have pilot astronauts who generally

602
00:26:13,480 --> 00:26:11,779
for example fly the spacecraft and just

603
00:26:15,700 --> 00:26:13,490
recently retired Space Shuttle that

604
00:26:18,310 --> 00:26:15,710
would actually fly the shuttle to the

605
00:26:20,499 --> 00:26:18,320
landing that or would fly the capsule

606
00:26:22,330 --> 00:26:20,509
down to the ground or take over

607
00:26:23,860 --> 00:26:22,340
automatic control in the event of a

608
00:26:26,769 --> 00:26:23,870
malfunction on a computer that were

609
00:26:29,710 --> 00:26:26,779
where the was on autopilot so you do

610
00:26:32,110 --> 00:26:29,720
need to have the pilot end of things in

611
00:26:34,090 --> 00:26:32,120
here and the pilots are generally from

612
00:26:35,740 --> 00:26:34,100
military backgrounds not always Neil

613
00:26:37,419 --> 00:26:35,750
Armstrong was not a military pilot he

614
00:26:38,799 --> 00:26:37,429
was a test pilot but not a military test

615
00:26:40,810 --> 00:26:38,809
pilot but generally speaking where you

616
00:26:42,190 --> 00:26:40,820
get that kind of flying experiences in

617
00:26:44,409 --> 00:26:42,200
the military in high-performance

618
00:26:48,870 --> 00:26:44,419
aircraft and you have to have thousands

619
00:26:52,500 --> 00:26:51,000
ok I think that's actually all the

620
00:26:54,150 --> 00:26:52,510
questions were going to have time for

621
00:26:55,530 --> 00:26:54,160
this time around but we really enjoyed

622
00:26:57,060 --> 00:26:55,540
talking with you and I hope you had fun